To effectively prevent and combat transnational crime, EU agencies and bodies operating within the area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ) increasingly cooperate with countries outside the EU. Although the performance of external activities undoubtedly boosts their operational efficiency, it may also involve the violation of fundamental rights of individuals. This PhD project examines the…

The fines imposed by the Commission have tremendously increased in recent years. Some scholars argue that they have always been or at least become “some sort of criminal law”. However, the extent and scope to which this results in criminal procedural safeguards being applied to the undertakings concerned remains unclear. Thus, I want to analyse…

Kelly’s PhD research focuses on the evolution of criminal law enforcement. Namely, her research analyzes the legal implications of using technology and artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing crime. The concept of a risk society has been elevated by the injection of technology into criminal law enforcement, further increasing its relevance and in turn, the…