The fines imposed by the Commission have tremendously increased in recent years. Some scholars argue that they have always been or at least become “some sort of criminal law”. However, the extent and scope to which this results in criminal procedural safeguards being applied to the undertakings concerned remains unclear. Thus, I want to analyse…

In my PhD thesis, I investigate and analyse the competition policies of the European Union (EU) and its member states. In the EU system of multi-level governance competition policies are enforced jointly by the European Commission and national competition authorities (NCAs). In the enforcement of competition policies NCAs can make use of both national competition…